Surrogate pregnancy: An ethnographic review to contribute to the debate in Mexico
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This essay seeks to contribute to the debate on surrogate pregnancy in Mexico through a review of the ethnographic literature in sociology and anthropology. This literature provides an invaluable, contextual and detailed description of the phenomenon of having “been there”, making it possible to qualify the universalist, abstract and victimist statements about the practice and the people who participate in it. Ethnographies on “gestation for others” undertaken in the Global South are especially instructive for the Mexican case. In countries such as India and Thailand, this social phenomenon has followed patterns similar to those of Mexico. This reflective exercise will allow us, at the same time, to link the discussions on the legal regulation of surrogate pregnancy, particularly in its commercial version, with certain feminist debates on the practice, such as the links between motherhood, pregnancy and (re)productive work.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Esta es una publicación bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC- ND 4.0). Para mayor información sobre el uso no comercial de los contenidos que aquí aparecen, favor de consultar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
References
Abrams, Rachel. (2016, 2 de mayo). Nepal Bans Surrogacy, Leaving Couples with Few Low-Cost Options. The New York Times (en línea). Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/world/asia/nepal-bans-surrogacy-leaving-couples-with-few-low-cost-options.html
Andrews, Lori B. (1987). The Aftermath of Baby M: Proposed State Laws on Surrogate Motherhood. The Hastings Center Report, 17(5), 31–40.
Anleu, Sharyn Roach. (1992). Surrogacy: For Love But Not for Money? Gender y Society, 6(1), 30-48. doi:10.1177/089124392006001003
Babygest. (2017). Gestación subrogada en el mundo: ¿Qué país es mejor para españoles? Recuperado de https://www.babygest.es/gestacion-subrogada-pros-contras-destinos/
Bailey, Alison. (2011). Reconceiving Surrogacy: Toward a Reproductive Justice Account of Indian Surrogacy. Hypatia, 26(4), 715-741. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01168.x
Banerjee, Amrita. (2010). Reorienting the Ethics of Transnational Surrogacy as a Feminist Pragmatist. The Pluralist, 5(3), 107-127. doi:10.5406/pluralist.5.3.0107
Blanco, Silvia. (2017). Gestación subrogada, el dilema de gestar al hijo de otros. El País (en línea). Recuperado de http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/02/17/actualidad/1487346402_358963.html?rel=mas
Collins, Catherine Ruth, Riggs, Damien W., y Due, Clemence. (2014). Constructions of the “Best Interest of the Child” in New South Wales Parliamentary Debates on Surrogacy. En Meredith Nash (Ed.), Reframing Reproduction. Conceiving Gendered Experiences (pp. 39-53). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Congreso del estado de Sinaloa. (2013). Decreto 742. Culiacán: Gobierno del estado de Sinaloa.
Congreso del estado de Tabasco. (2016). Decreto 233. Villahermosa: Gobierno del estado de Tabasco.
Connell, Raewyn. (2014). Rethinking Gender from the South. Feminist Studies, 40(3), 518-539.
Corea, Gena. (1991). Industrial Experimentation on ‘surrogate Mothers’. En Patricia Hynes (Ed.), Reconstructing Babylon: Essays on Women and Technology (pp. 131-135). Indianápolis: Indiana University Press.
Das Gupta, Moushumi. (2016, 24 de agosto). India proposes commercial surrogacy ban; live-ins, homosexuals worst hit. Hindustan Times (en línea). Recuperado de http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-proposes-ban-on-commercial-surrogacy-homosexuals-live-ins-worst-hit/story-Vb1fKz0XSJPdCT7GbympkO.html
Delaisi de Parseval, Geneviève, y Collard, Chantal. (2007). La gestation pour autrui. Un bricolage des représentations de la paternité et de la maternité euro-américaines. L’Homme, 3(183), 29–54.
Dworkin, Andrea. (1983). Right-wing Women. Nueva York: Perigee Books.
[epadrong]. (2014, 15 de junio). Angelica - Maternidad Subrogada [Archivo de video]. Recuperado de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2q_wfEPjMw&t=53s.
Finkelstein, Alex, Mac Dougall, Sarah, Kintominas, Angela, y Olsen, Anya. (2016). Surrogacy Law and Policy in the U.S.: A National Conversation Informed by Global Lawmaking. Nueva York: Columbia Law School Sexuality & Gender Law Clinic.
Førde, Kristin. (2017). Fair Play in a Dirty Field? The Ethical Work of Commissioning Surrogacy in India. En Merete Lie y Nina Lykke (Eds.), Assisted Reproduction across Borders. Feminist Perspectives on Normalizations, Disruptions, and Transmissions (pp. 37-48). Nueva York: Routledge.
Garg, Ibu Sanjeeb. (2016, 31 de agosto). Understanding India’s Complex Commercial Surrogacy Debate. The Diplomat (en línea). Recuperado de http://thediplomat.com/2016/08/understanding-indias-complex-commercial-surrogacy-debate/
GIRE (Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A. C.). (2013). Omisión e indiferencia. Derechos reproductivos en México. México: Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C.
GIRE (Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C.). (2015). Niñas y mujeres sin justicia. Derechos reproductivos en México. México: Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C.
GIRE (Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C.). (2017). Gestación subrogada en México. Resultados de una mala regulación. México: Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C.
Gross, Martine. (2012). Choisir la paternité gay. Toulouse: Érès.
Haaij, Sarah. (2016, 19 de agosto). Cambodia proves fertile ground for foreign surrogacy after Thailand ban. The Guardian (en línea). Recuperado de https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/aug/19/cambodia-foreign-surrogacy-thailand-ban
Harrison, Laura. (2016). Brown bodies, white babies. The politics of cross-racial surrogacy. Nueva York: New York University Press.
Héritier, Françoise. (1985). La Cuisse de Jupiter. Réflexions sur les nouveaux modes de procréation. L’Homme, 25(94), 5-22.
ILGA (International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association): Carroll, Aengus y Mendos, Lucas Ramón. (2016). State Sponsored Homophobia 2016. A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection, and recognition. Ginebra: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.
Inhorn, Marcia C., y Patrizio, Pasquale. (2014). Procreative Tourism: Debating the Meaning of Cross-border Reproductive Care in the 21st Century. Expert Review of Obstetrics y Gynecology, 7(6), 509-511. doi:10.1586/eog.12.56
Inhorn, Marcia C., Shrivastav, Pankaj, y Patrizio, Pasquale. (2012). Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Fertility “Tourism”: Examples from Global Dubai and the Ivy League. Medical Anthropology: Cross Cultural Studies in Health and Illness, 31(3), 249-265. doi:10.1080/01459740.2011.596495
Jacobson, Heather. (2016). Labor of Love : Gestational Surrogacy and the Work of Making Babies. Nueva Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
König, Anika. (2016). Transnational Surrogacy: German Intended Parents Going Global. Presentado en Colloque La gestation pour Autrui: Restituer la France dans le monde. Représentations, encadrements et pratiques, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, París.
Martínez, Verónica Lidia. (2015). Maternidad subrogada. Una mirada a su regulación en México. Díkaion, 24(2), 353-382.
Merchant, Jennifer (2012). Une gestation pour autrui “éthique” est possible. Travail, genre et sociétés, 2(28), 183-189. doi: 10.3917/tgs.028.0183
Métral, Lorène. (2016). Le droit à la préservation de l’identité des enfants nés de gestation pour autrui. París: Connaissances et Savoirs.
Moreno, Adi. (2016). Families on the Market Front. En Susanne Hofmann y Adi Moreno (Eds.), Intimate Economies. Bodies, Emotions, and Sexualities on the Global Market (pp. 233–266). Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nahman, Michal Rachel. (2016). Reproductive Tourism: Through the Anthropological “Reproscope”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 45(1), 417-432. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030459
Nilsson, Elina. (2015). Merit Making, Money and Motherhood. Women’s Experiences of Commercial Surrogacy in Thailand. Tesis de maestría. Universidad de Uppsala.
Nisand, Israël. (2018). Les enjeux difficiles de la GPA. Presentado en Produide ou se réproduire? Forum Européen de Bioéthique 2018, Sala Aubette, Estrasburgo.
Olavarría, María Eugenia. (2017). Diversidad y desigualdad de la procreación medialmente asistida en México (2015-2016). Presentado en Naissances au sud, naissances su nord, quelles convergences?, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), París.
Olavarría, María Eugenia, y Lestage, Françoise. (2016). Gestatrices, docteurs et législateurs. Un changement dans le circuit international de l’AMP au Mexique (2015-2016). Presentado en Colloque La gestation pour Autrui: Restituer la France dans le monde. Représentations, encadrements et pratiques, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, París.
Pande, Amrita. (2014). Wombs in Labor: Transnational commercial surrogacy in India. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Pande, Amrita. (2016a). Global reproductive inequalities, neo-eugenics and commercial surrogacy in India. Current Sociology, 64(2), 244-258. doi:10.1177/0011392115614786
Pande, Amrita. (2016b). The Paradox of Surrogacy in India. En Debashish Banerji y Makarand R. Paranjape (Eds.), Critical Posthumanism and Planetary Futures (pp. 177-135). Nueva Delhi: Springer India.
Pande, Amrita. (2016c). Transnational Surrogacy and “Kinning” Rituals in India. En Majella Kilkey y Ewa Palenga-Möllenbeck (Eds.), Family Life in an Age of Migration and Mobility. Global Perspectives through the Life Course (pp. 119-135). Londres: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pinhal, Paula. (2016). La gestation pour autrui dans le contexte socio-juridique de l’Amérique latine : les cas du Brésil, de l’Argentine et de l’Uruguay. Presentado en Colloque La gestation pour Autrui: Restituer la France dans le monde. Représentations, encadrements et pratiques, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, París.
Pocock, Tess Louise. (2015). Buyers Beware: Considerations of Cross-Border Surrogacy Arrangements in the United States-Mexico Context. Tesis de Maestría. Universidad Central Europea, Budapest.
Pérez, Leobardo. (2015). Ponen fin a la renta de vientres para extranjeros. El Universal (en línea). Recuperado de http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2015/12/15/ponen-fin-la-renta-de-vientres-para-extranjeros
Ragoné, Helena. (1994). Surrogate Motherhood. Conception in the Heart. Boulder: Westview Press.
Ragoné, Helena. (1997). Chasing the Blood Tie. Surrogate Mothers, Adoptive Mothers, and Fathers. En Louise Lamphere, Helena Ragoné, y Patricia Zavella (Eds.), Situated lives. Gender and Culture in Every Life (pp. 110-127). Nueva York: Routledge.
Raymond, Janice G. (1991). In the Matter of Baby M. En Patricia Hynes (Ed.), Reconstructing Babylon. Essays on Women and Technology (pp. 81-91). Indianápolis: Indiana University Press.
Rozée Gomez, Virginie, y Unisa, Sayeed. (2014). Surrogacy from a reproductive rights perspective: the case of India. Autrepart, 70(2), 185-203. doi:10.3917/autr.070.0185
Rudrappa, Sharmila. (2014). Des ateliers de confection aux lignes d'assemblage des bébés. Stratégies d'emploi parmi des mères porteuses à Bangalore, Inde. Cahiers du Genre, 56(1), 59-86. doi:10.3917/cdge.056.0059
Rudrappa, Sharmila. (2015). Discounted Life. The Price of Global Surrogacy in India. Nueva York: New York University Press.
Rudrappa, Sharmila. (2016). What Difference Does Money Make? Surrogate Mothers in Bangalore, South India. Paper presented at the Colloque La gestation pour Autrui: Restituer la France dans le monde. Représentations, encadrements et pratiques, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, París.
Ruiz, Mónica, y Valdés, María del Carmen. (2017). Dilemas sobre la maternidad subrogada en México. Oñati Socio-legal Series, 7(1), 230-253.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. (1993). "Surrogate Mothering" and Women's Freedom: A Critique of Contracts for Human Reproduction. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 18(3), 618-639. doi:10.1086/494822
Smietana, Marcin. (2017). “Families Like We’d Always Know”? Spanish Gay Fathers’ Normalization Narratives in Transnational Surrogacy. En Merete Lie y Nina Lykke (Eds.), Assisted Reproduction across Borders. Feminist Perspectives on Normalizations, Disruptions, and Transmissions (pp. 49-60). Nueva York: Routledge.
Teman, Elly. (2009). Embodying Surrogate Motherhood: Pregnancy as a Dyadic Body-project. Body y Society, 15(3), 47-69. doi:10.1177/1357034x09337780
Teman, Elly. (2010). Birthing a mother: the surrogate body and the pregnant self. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Teman, Elly. (2016). Local Surrogacy in a Global Circuit: The Embodied Intimacies of Israeli Surrogacy Arrangements. Presentado en Colloque La gestation pour Autrui: Restituer la France dans le monde. Représentations, encadrements et pratiques, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, París.
US Embassy in Nepal. (2017). Surrogacy Services are Banned in Nepal. Recuperado de https://np.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/local-resources-of-u-s-citizens/surrogacy-in-nepal/
Vora, Kalindi. (2015). Life support: biocapital and the new history of outsourced labor. Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wertheimer, Alan. (1992). Two Questions about Surrogacy and Exploitation. Philosophy y Public Affairs, 21(3), 211-239.
Whittaker, Andrea. (2016a). Circumvention, crisis, and confusion. Australians crossing borders to Thailand for international surrogacy. En Virginie Rozée y Sayeed Unisa (Eds.), Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the Global South and North. Issues, challenges and the future (pp. 113–127). Nueva York: Routledge.
Whittaker, Andrea. (2016b). New Destinations for International Surrogacy in South-East Asia. Presentado en Colloque La gestation pour Autrui: Restituer la France dans le monde. Représentations, encadrements et pratiques, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, París.
Zegers-Hochschild, Fernando, Schwarze, Juan Enrique, Crosby, Javier, y Borges de Souza, Maria do Carmo. (2011). Twenty years of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in Latin America. Sociedade Brasileira de Reprodução Assistida, 15(2), 19-30. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20140018